Changing the database type
(technically,
the backend)
is not as trivial as simply changing "database foo"
into "database bar"
in slapd.conf(5).
Assuming we're discussing about database types that actually store data, e.g. from slapd-ldbm(5) to slapd-bdb(5), one needs to:
- slapcat(8) the contents of the database
- change the database type in slapd.conf(5)
from the old to the new type
- change any relevant database-specific directive in slapd.conf(5)
as required; see slapd-<new>(5) for details
- slapadd(8) the contents back into the new storage type
Be prepared to manually fix issues that may arise.
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OpenLDAP Faq-O-Matic : 
How do I change database type?